6 research outputs found
Implementação fotónica de funções fisicamente não clonáveis
This dissertation aimed to study and develop optical Physically
Unclonable Functions, which are physical devices characterized by
having random intrinsic variations, thus being eligible towards high security
systems due to their unclonability, uniqueness and randomness.
With the rapid expansion of technologies such as Internet of Things
and the concerns around counterfeited goods, secure and resilient
cryptographic systems are in high demand. Moreover the development
of digital ecosystems, mobile applications towards transactions now
require fast and reliable algorithms to generate secure cryptographic
keys. The statistical nature of speckle-based imaging creates an
opportunity for these cryptographic key generators to arise.
In the scope of this work, three different tokens were implemented
as physically unclonable devices: tracing paper, plastic optical fiber
and an organic-inorganic hybrid. These objects were subjected to
a visible light laser stimulus and produced a speckle pattern which
was then used to retrieve the cryptographic key associated to each
of the materials. The methodology deployed in this work features
the use of a Discrete Cosine Transform to enable a low-cost and
semi-compact 128-bit key encryption channel. Furthermore, the
authentication protocol required the analysis of multiple responses
from different samples, establishing an optimal decision threshold level
that maximized the robustness and minimized the fallibility of the
system. The attained 128-bit encryption system performed, across
all the samples, bellow the error probability detection limit of 10-12,
showing its potential as a cryptographic key generator.Nesta dissertação pretende-se estudar e desenvolver Funções Fisicamente
Não Clonáveis, dispositivos caracterizados por terem variações
aleatórias intrínsecas, sendo, portanto, elegíveis para sistemas de alta
segurança devido à sua impossibilidade de clonagem, unicidade e
aleatoriedade. Com a rápida expansão de tecnologias como a Internet
das Coisas e as preocupações com produtos falsificados, os sistemas
criptográficos seguros e resilientes são altamente requisitados.
Além disso, o desenvolvimento de ecossistemas digitais e de aplicações
móveis para transações comerciais requerem algoritmos rápidos e seguros
de geração de chaves criptográficas. A natureza estatística das
imagens baseadas no speckle cria uma oportunidade para o aparecimento
desses geradores de chaves criptográficas.
No contexto deste trabalho, três dispositivos diferentes foram implementados
como funções fisicamente não clonáveis, nomeadamente, papel
vegetal, fibra ótica de plástico e um híbrido orgânico-inorgânico.
Estes objetos foram submetidos a um estímulo de luz coerente na região
espectral visível e produziram um padrão de speckle o qual foi utilizado
para recuperar a chave criptográfica associada a cada um dos materiais.
A metodologia implementada neste trabalho incorpora a Transformada
Discreta de Cosseno, o que possibilita a criação de um sistema criptográfico de 128 bits caracterizado por ser semi-compacto e de baixo
custo. O protocolo de autenticação exigiu a análise de múltiplas respostas
de diferentes Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs), o que
permitiu estabelecer um nível de limite de decisão ótimo de forma a
maximizar a robustez e minimizar a probabilidade de erro por parte
do sistema. O sistema de encriptação de 128 bits atingiu valores de
probabilidade de erro abaixo do limite de deteção, 10-12, para todas
as amostras, mostrando o seu potencial como gerador de chaves criptográficas.Mestrado em Engenharia Físic
Random bit sequence generation from speckle patterns produced with multimode waveguides
With the rapid development of digital ecosystems, such as mobile applications towards
goods/monetary transactions, a new paradigm of data transfer arises, which requires fast
and reliable algorithms to generate random numbers. The statistical nature of speckle‐
based imaging creates an opportunity for these generators to arise as random number
generators given the unpredictability and irreproducibility of such patterns. Hence, it is
shown that the establishment of an experimental system is able to produce unique speckle
patterns for remote cryptographic key storage and distribution, with a potential key rate
generation of Gbs.publishe
Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research
Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4
While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge
of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In
the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of
Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus
crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced
environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian
Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by
2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status,
much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research
Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost